Carnivores
To trap the tigers
TO TRAP THE TIGERS
By: Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra
Conservation of large carnivores such as tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) is a global priority, because they may serve as umbrella species across a wide range of habitats in the forest ecosystem. Habitat destruction and illegal hunting, declining prey populations and conflicts with humans primarily provoked by predation on livestock has driven three tiger subspecies to extinction (P.t. balica; P.t. virgat and P.t. sondaica). The lack of baseline data and absence of accurate estimates of population trends has prevented biologists and wildlife managers from identifying, quantifying, and addressing suspected negative impacts. To assess wildlife population trends, scientifically based monitoring programs must be implemented. Basic ecology of carnivores makes their populations inherently difficult to monitor, particularly those in tropical forests, are usually elusive and are not easily observed by humans. Some are nocturnal or move about the landscape using dense cover. Typically, carnivores range widely and occur infrequently over large parts of their home range which adjoin technical difficulty of estimating population size for cryptic carnivores at low population densities and highlight the need for an accurate, reliable and user-friendly tool to estimate populations of these cats. Efficient and reliable methods for rapid assessment of species richness and abundance are crucial to determine conservation priorities.
Tracking animals by following footprints in dust, mud, sand or snow, counting dung, nests, trails, calls and direct observation for richness and abundance is probably the oldest known methods, which are not so reliable. The methods commonly used for mammal inventories are line transects, direct observations, identification of tracks and feces, trapping and interviews with local people. While line transects can be used to survey the density of relatively abundant mammal species, they often fail to record rare and elusive species such as small carnivores have led to increased concerns regarding the status of wildlife. Use of Traditional pugmark based expert system was found to be error prone and lacked statistical rigor.
Photo-trapping has also been widely used in population studies of tigers. Tiger population size can be estimated using photographic capture-recapture analysis, Camera trap can be used (i) to estimate abundance and density of tigers; (ii) provide baseline data from which to begin long term population monitoring programs; and (iii) apply our result as a basis for conservation planning and in particular produce recommendation to reduce livestock losses.
Camera-trapping furnishes an important noninvasive device for assessing patterns of abundance throughout space and time, and their relation with activity patterns, habitat use and reproductive information, which are fundamental elements for wildlife conservation. Camera traps put forward a new tool for conducting inventories of large- and medium sized terrestrial mammals. Capture frequencies for different species are highly interrelated between the surveys, and the capture probability for animals that passed in front of the cameras decreased with decreasing size of the species. Camera spacing and total survey area had little influence on the number of species recorded. The use of camera traps for studying terrestrial mammals has become progressively more popular in recent years as camera technology has improved and equipment cost has decreased. Applications of camera trap range from collecting species inventories to studying activity patterns and estimating animal density; concluded that camera trap surveys, which are the most appropriate and accurate method for mammal inventories in the savannas, open forests and flood plains. Photographs from camera traps provide reliable account of a species presence, and they can be sent out for authentication by experts.
Despite the diversity of field techniques that can be used for terrestrial mammal surveys, not all can be efficiently applied in all ecosystems and for all species. Some landscapes can be so distant, steep or so densely vegetated that no more than a few methods could be practicable. Sometimes the choice is limited not by technique competence, but by field costs.
To increase the probability of catching photograph of animals in the sample area that, rarely use trails or are habitat specialists, cameras can be set at sites targeting specific species such as animal trails, little streams, mineral licks, dens or other options like bait near camera stations to attract animals.
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